As
causas de dor torácica podem estar na própria parede do tórax, nas pleuras, nos
pulmões, no coração, no pericárdio, nos vasos, no mediastino, no esôfago, no
diafragma e em outros órgãos. A dor precordial ou retroesternal pode ter origem
no coração ou na pleura, esôfago, aorta, mediastino, estômago e na própria
parede torácica. A dor relacionada ao coração e à aorta compreende a dor da
isquemia miocárdica, a dor pericárdica e a dor aórtica. Os brônquios
intrapulmonares, o parênquima dos pulmões e as pleuras viscerais são
insensíveis à dor.
A localização torácica
de dois órgãos vitais - o coração e os pulmões - capazes de produzir dor é a
razão de tanta preocupação com a dores torácicas. No coração se originam dores
isquêmicas (a angina do peito e a dor do infarto) e nos pulmões se sediam
doenças temidas: a [tuberculose] e o [câncer brônquico], que para o leigo
enganosamente sempre produziriam dores torácicas.
A dor precordial de
origem coronariana ou pericárdica se processa pela estimulação dos nervos
(vasa-nervorum) justa-capilares na circulação coronariana com a inflamação
química de corrente do transtorno metabólico das fibras cardíacas, ou por
inflamação do pericárdio, e o comprometimento dos respectivos nervos que
correspondem à C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, e à T2 até T6. As dores, não viscerais, do
tegumento por fibrosite local, ou por irradiação das dores cérvico-braquiais ou
de "peso" ou "mal-estar"ou "pontadas"
precordiais, todas de extensão reduzida de uma ou duas polpas digitais, são
dores superficiais, bem localizadas, e pioram com a compressão local ou com os
movimentos da nuca, dos ombros, ou dos membros superiores. Tão freqüente quanto
essas dores não viscerais são as dores em peso ou mal-estar precordial, geralmente
acompanhadas de palpitações e que caracterizam, ao lado da ansiedade e da
"crise de angústia", a sua origem exclusivamente psicógena.
A dor de origem
isquêmica é devido à hipóxia celular. Toda vez que há desequilíbrio entre a
oferta e o consumo de oxigênio, ocorre estimulação das terminações nervosas da
adventícia das artérias e do próprio miocárdio por substâncias químicas
liberadas durante a contração. A causa mais comum de isquemia miocárdica é a
aterosclerose coronária e suas complicações, principalmente espasmo e trombose,
assumindo características clínicas especiais na angina do peito e no [infarto
do miocárdio]. Outra causa importante é a [estenose aórtica].
Julio Murilo
Retzlaff
Acadêmico
de Medicina (4° ano)
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